Urine| Hair Follicle | Oral Fluid | Blood | ETG
Hair tests are increasingly recognized as an effective means to detect drug and alcohol consumption. Hair offers an extensive timeline of substance use by embedding biomarkers along the fibers of a developing hair strand. If taken near the scalp, hair samples can show drug and alcohol usage for up to around three months. Hair collection is straightforward, hard to tamper with, and convenient to transport.
An ideal hair sample involves a 1.5-inch length of about 200 strands (comparable to a #2 pencil width) nearest to the scalp, yielding 100mg, which is optimal for testing and verification. For EtG, extended tests, and panels above 10, 150mg of hair is advised. It's best to weigh the sample with a jeweler’s scale. In the absence of scalp hair, a similar amount of body hair can be taken. When mentioning head hair, it specifically refers to scalp hair, whereas body hair covers all other types (facial, underarm, etc.).
Process Overview
The lab processing of a drug test result consists of four primary steps: Accessioning, Screening, Extraction, and Confirmation.
Accessioning involves the initial integration of a sample into the lab’s system, confirming proper sealing and shipment, assigning a unique LAN (Laboratory Accessioning Number), and completing any extra data not captured by an electronic chain of custody.
Screening is a swift initial assessment for substances of abuse. Although it's a cost-efficient method to eliminate drug usage for the majority of samples, a positive screening needs confirmation for court admissibility. Presumptive positives from Screening necessitate secondary verification.
For samples deemed presumptively positive during Screening, more hair is extracted from the initial sample and processed in the Extraction stage. Here, drugs are isolated from hair at notably lower concentrations compared to methods like urine or saliva testing, highlighting why hair drug screening is a challenging method.
To confirm any positive screening result, methods such as GC/MS, GC/MS/MS, or LC/MS/MS are utilized. Samples that show presumptive positives are washed before confirmation when necessary. The complete laboratory journey, from Accessioning to Confirmation, is scrutinized under both the CAP (College of American Pathologists) Hair designation and ISO / IEC 17025 accreditation.
Advantages of hair drug testing:
Limitations:
Note: While commonly termed as "hair follicle tests", the analysis actually examines the hair strand, excluding the follicle beneath the scalp.
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