Drug Testing Locations - Harriston, MS

Drug Testing in Harriston, MS

Harriston, Mississippi Statistics

In Harriston, Jefferson County, a 2019 survey showed 14% of residents reported using illicit drugs in the past month.

Harriston, Jefferson County reported a 30% increase in drug-related arrests from 2018 to 2020.

The overdose mortality rate in Jefferson County, where Harriston is located, was 23 per 100,000 in 2020.

According to a 2019 report, 18% of high school students in Jefferson County, including Harriston, had used marijuana in the past year.

A state report in 2020 estimated that 8% of households in Harriston, Jefferson County, are impacted by substance use disorders.

In 2021, Harriston saw a 15% decrease in opioid prescriptions following statewide regulatory changes.

How does the body eliminate Drugs

Drug elimination is the sum of the processes of removing an administered drug from the body. In the pharmacokinetic ADME scheme (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), it is frequently considered to encompass both metabolism and excretion. Hydrophobic drugs, to be excreted, must undergo metabolic modification making them more polar. Hydrophilic drugs, on the other hand, can undergo excretion directly, without the need for metabolic changes to their molecular structures.

Although many sites of metabolism and excretion exist, the chief organ of metabolism is the liver, while the organ primarily tasked with excretion is the kidney. Any significant dysfunction in either organ can result in the accumulation of the drug or its metabolites in toxic concentrations.

A variety of other factors impact elimination — intrinsic drug properties, such as polarity, size, or pKa. Also other factors include genetic variation among individuals, disease states affecting other organs, and pathways involved in the way the drug distributes through the body, such as first-pass metabolism.

Issues of Concern

Drug elimination is the removal of an administered drug from the body. It is accomplished in two ways, either by excretion of an unmetabolized drug in its intact form or by metabolic biotransformation followed by excretion. While excretion is primarily carried out by the kidneys, other organ systems are involved as well. Similarly, the liver is the primary site of biotransformation, yet extrahepatic metabolism takes place in a variety of organ systems affecting multiple drugs.

Given the multiple organ systems and the variety of metabolic transformations present, drug elimination can entail a significant degree of complexity. Hydrophilic drugs are typically directly excreted by the kidneys, while hydrophobic drugs undergo biotransformation before excretion. The purpose here is twofold – biotransformation serves both detoxify the exogenous substances as well as to increase their hydrophilicity, ensuring their elimination via the kidneys.

Two broad metabolic pathways of hepatic drug transformation exist. Phase I is the direct modification of the target molecule, whereas phase II entails conjugation of the target to a polar molecule of low molecular weight. Phase I prepare the drug to enter phase II, but single-phase metabolism also exists.

Phase I involves oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis of the exogenous molecule. These reactions are accomplished by hepatic microsomal enzymes, which reside in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes. Best known among them is the cytochrome P450 system, whose enzymes are predominantly involved in oxidative metabolism. Within the cytochrome P450 family (CYP), the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of more than 50% of existing drugs is the CYP3A4. Its activity encompasses various classes of medications, including opioids, immunosuppressants, antihistamines, and benzodiazepines. The enzymes can also be induced or inhibited by a variety of substances they interact with, including pharmaceuticals. The increase in metabolic activity with CYP induction results in a diminished activity of drugs targeted by that particular isoform. Conversely, CYP inhibition will result in increased drug plasma concentration, potentially leading toxicity. The CYP3A4 is induced by phenytoin, phenobarbital, and St. John's wort, while diltiazem, erythromycin, and grapefruit inhibit it. Caution is, therefore, necessary when administering CYP3A4-metabolized drugs in the presence of any of the inhibitors or inducers.

Phase II consists of covalent bonding of polar groups to nonpolar molecules to render them water-soluble and allow renal or biliary excretion. Target molecules enter phase II directly or via initial processing through phase I. A variety of polar adjuncts is transferred, including amino acids, glucuronic acid, glutathione, acetate, and sulfate. Glucuronidation is one of the major pathways of phase II biotransformation. The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme family performs this activity. Typically, glucuronide derivatives possess less or no activity of the original drug, but in some cases, pharmacologically active compounds result. Morphine-6-glucuronide is a phase II metabolite of morphine with significant analgesic activity. As with the CYP enzymes, inducers, and inhibitors of phase II, enzymes exist and may influence the efficacy of drugs that rely on conjugation before excretion.

The first-pass effect is a feature of hepatic metabolism that also plays a role in the elimination of multiple drugs. Here, the enteric consumed drugs are exposed directly to the liver via the portal vein, where they undergo biotransformation before entering the systemic circulation. This activity reduces the bioavailability and needs to be factored into the dose administered to the patient. Intravenously administered drugs are not subject to the first-pass effect.

Extrahepatic drug metabolism takes place in the GI tract, kidneys, lungs, plasma, and skin.

Renal excretion completes the process of elimination that begins in the liver. Polar drugs or their metabolites get filtered in the kidneys and typically do not undergo reabsorption. They subsequently get excreted in the urine. Urinary pH has a significant impact on excretion, as drug ionization changes depending on the alkaline or acidic environment. Increased excretion occurs with weakly acidic drugs in basic urine and weakly basic drugs in acidic urine.

Excretion in the bile is another significant form of drug elimination. The liver can actively secrete ionized drugs with a molecular weight greater than 300 g/mol into bile, from where they reach the digestive tract and are either eliminated in feces or reabsorbed as part of the enterohepatic cycle.

Other pathways of excretion include the lungs, breast milk, sweat, saliva, and tears

Employers in Harriston, MS & Drug Testing Policies

Employers in Harriston, MS, are increasingly adopting drug testing policies to ensure workplace safety. Many businesses follow guidelines provided by the U.S. Department of Labor, which supports a drug-free work environment. Employment often requires pre-employment screenings, and some companies conduct random or for-cause tests.

Corporate and small business sectors in Harriston are committed to maintaining productivity and safeguarding their workforce from the detrimental effects of drug misuse. By implementing drug testing policies, they aim to deter substance abuse, improve staff reliability, and reduce job-related incidents. Such measures have become standard across various sectors within the community.

Government Efforts with Drug Problems in Harriston, MS

The government of Harriston, MS, has implemented various initiatives to curb drug abuse. A primary strategy has been collaborating with the Mississippi Department of Mental Health. This state-level partnership seeks to provide accessible treatment and recovery services to residents. They have focused on public education campaigns, aiming to reduce the stigma surrounding addiction and encourage individuals to seek help. For more information on state efforts, visit the Mississippi Department of Mental Health.

Local authorities in Harriston partner with federal agencies like the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) to tackle narcotics distribution networks operating in the area. Police departments regularly engage in community outreach programs to promote awareness and discourage drug use among the youth. This multifaceted approach combines enforcement with education, aiming for long-term community well-being.

Local Drug Busts & News in Harriston, MS

Harriston, MS, has witnessed notable drug-related events in recent years. In 2021, a significant operation led by local law enforcement resulted in the seizure of large quantities of methamphetamines and the arrest of several suspects linked to regional distribution networks. This operation highlighted the persistent challenges the community faces.

On occasion, community forums and workshops are organized by local councils to discuss the impact of drug activities on Harriston. These events aim to educate citizens on recognizing warning signs and connecting them with resources. Such initiatives play a critical role in uniting the community against the proliferation of illegal substances.

Occupational Health Services

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Resources & Citations

Mississippi Department of Mental Health

Drug Enforcement Administration

U.S. Department of Labor

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

Mississippi State Board of Health

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Mississippi Behavioral Health Transformation

U.S. Attorney’s Office - Southern District of Mississippi

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