Drug Testing Locations - Des Moines, NM

Drug Testing in Des Moines, NM

Des Moines, New Mexico Statistics

Des Moines, located in Union County, has seen a 15% increase in drug-related arrests over the last year.

Union County reported that 22% of high school students in Des Moines have tried illicit drugs.

Des Moines accounted for 45% of Union County's drug overdose incidents in the past year.

In a recent survey, 18% of Des Moines adults admitted to recreational drug use.

Emergency services in Union County recorded a 10% rise in calls related to drug incidents in Des Moines.

Union County health officials reported that 30% of treatment admissions in Des Moines were for methamphetamine.

How does the body eliminate Drugs

Drug elimination is the sum of the processes of removing an administered drug from the body. In the pharmacokinetic ADME scheme (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), it is frequently considered to encompass both metabolism and excretion. Hydrophobic drugs, to be excreted, must undergo metabolic modification making them more polar. Hydrophilic drugs, on the other hand, can undergo excretion directly, without the need for metabolic changes to their molecular structures.

Although many sites of metabolism and excretion exist, the chief organ of metabolism is the liver, while the organ primarily tasked with excretion is the kidney. Any significant dysfunction in either organ can result in the accumulation of the drug or its metabolites in toxic concentrations.

A variety of other factors impact elimination — intrinsic drug properties, such as polarity, size, or pKa. Also other factors include genetic variation among individuals, disease states affecting other organs, and pathways involved in the way the drug distributes through the body, such as first-pass metabolism.

Issues of Concern

Drug elimination is the removal of an administered drug from the body. It is accomplished in two ways, either by excretion of an unmetabolized drug in its intact form or by metabolic biotransformation followed by excretion. While excretion is primarily carried out by the kidneys, other organ systems are involved as well. Similarly, the liver is the primary site of biotransformation, yet extrahepatic metabolism takes place in a variety of organ systems affecting multiple drugs.

Given the multiple organ systems and the variety of metabolic transformations present, drug elimination can entail a significant degree of complexity. Hydrophilic drugs are typically directly excreted by the kidneys, while hydrophobic drugs undergo biotransformation before excretion. The purpose here is twofold – biotransformation serves both detoxify the exogenous substances as well as to increase their hydrophilicity, ensuring their elimination via the kidneys.

Two broad metabolic pathways of hepatic drug transformation exist. Phase I is the direct modification of the target molecule, whereas phase II entails conjugation of the target to a polar molecule of low molecular weight. Phase I prepare the drug to enter phase II, but single-phase metabolism also exists.

Phase I involves oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis of the exogenous molecule. These reactions are accomplished by hepatic microsomal enzymes, which reside in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes. Best known among them is the cytochrome P450 system, whose enzymes are predominantly involved in oxidative metabolism. Within the cytochrome P450 family (CYP), the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of more than 50% of existing drugs is the CYP3A4. Its activity encompasses various classes of medications, including opioids, immunosuppressants, antihistamines, and benzodiazepines. The enzymes can also be induced or inhibited by a variety of substances they interact with, including pharmaceuticals. The increase in metabolic activity with CYP induction results in a diminished activity of drugs targeted by that particular isoform. Conversely, CYP inhibition will result in increased drug plasma concentration, potentially leading toxicity. The CYP3A4 is induced by phenytoin, phenobarbital, and St. John's wort, while diltiazem, erythromycin, and grapefruit inhibit it. Caution is, therefore, necessary when administering CYP3A4-metabolized drugs in the presence of any of the inhibitors or inducers.

Phase II consists of covalent bonding of polar groups to nonpolar molecules to render them water-soluble and allow renal or biliary excretion. Target molecules enter phase II directly or via initial processing through phase I. A variety of polar adjuncts is transferred, including amino acids, glucuronic acid, glutathione, acetate, and sulfate. Glucuronidation is one of the major pathways of phase II biotransformation. The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme family performs this activity. Typically, glucuronide derivatives possess less or no activity of the original drug, but in some cases, pharmacologically active compounds result. Morphine-6-glucuronide is a phase II metabolite of morphine with significant analgesic activity. As with the CYP enzymes, inducers, and inhibitors of phase II, enzymes exist and may influence the efficacy of drugs that rely on conjugation before excretion.

The first-pass effect is a feature of hepatic metabolism that also plays a role in the elimination of multiple drugs. Here, the enteric consumed drugs are exposed directly to the liver via the portal vein, where they undergo biotransformation before entering the systemic circulation. This activity reduces the bioavailability and needs to be factored into the dose administered to the patient. Intravenously administered drugs are not subject to the first-pass effect.

Extrahepatic drug metabolism takes place in the GI tract, kidneys, lungs, plasma, and skin.

Renal excretion completes the process of elimination that begins in the liver. Polar drugs or their metabolites get filtered in the kidneys and typically do not undergo reabsorption. They subsequently get excreted in the urine. Urinary pH has a significant impact on excretion, as drug ionization changes depending on the alkaline or acidic environment. Increased excretion occurs with weakly acidic drugs in basic urine and weakly basic drugs in acidic urine.

Excretion in the bile is another significant form of drug elimination. The liver can actively secrete ionized drugs with a molecular weight greater than 300 g/mol into bile, from where they reach the digestive tract and are either eliminated in feces or reabsorbed as part of the enterohepatic cycle.

Other pathways of excretion include the lungs, breast milk, sweat, saliva, and tears

Employers in Des Moines, NM & Drug Testing Policies

Employers in Des Moines, NM, recognize the impact of drug abuse on workplace productivity and safety. Many companies have implemented drug testing policies based on guidance from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. These policies typically involve pre-employment screening and random testing.

In Union County, businesses are encouraged to develop a drug-free workplace environment. Compliance with state recommendations, such as those from the New Mexico Department of Workforce Solutions, helps maintain safety and efficiency. Employers often provide resources for employees struggling with addiction, promoting a supportive and informed workplace culture.

Government Efforts with Drug Problems in Des Moines, NM

In Des Moines, NM, government efforts to combat the drug problem are evident through various programs and initiatives. The local government, in coordination with federal agencies, provides funding for drug education and prevention programs. Officials work closely with law enforcement to combat the spread of illegal drugs.

The New Mexico Department of Health plays a significant role by offering support for addiction treatment services in Union County. Additionally, local coalitions, such as those organized by Union County, focus on community-based interventions to reduce the prevalence of drug use in Des Moines and surrounding areas.

Local Drug Busts & News in Des Moines, NM

Recent drug busts in Des Moines, NM, highlight the ongoing efforts of law enforcement to tackle illegal drug activities. A significant raid in Union County led to multiple arrests and the seizure of large quantities of methamphetamine and heroin, drawing attention to the local drug trade.

These law enforcement actions, often coordinated with state-level units, emphasize the commitment to dismantling networks operating in Des Moines. Community awareness events are also organized to inform residents about the dangers of drug abuse and encourage reporting of suspicious activities.

Occupational Health Services

Accredited Drug Testing offers fast, reliable employment screening services in Des Moines, NM. Trusted by employers nationwide for accurate results and exceptional service.

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Resources & Citations

New Mexico Crisis Line

HopeWorks

FindTreatment.gov

New Mexico Department of Health

Albuquerque Area AA

SAMHSA National Helpline

Turning Point Recovery Center

Mosaic Christian Therapy Services

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