Drug Testing Locations - New Laguna, NM

Drug Testing in New Laguna, NM

New Laguna, New Mexico Statistics

New Laguna, located in Cibola County, NM, has faced a severe opioid crisis, with a 250% increase in opioid-related incidents in the last five years.

Cibola County reported that approximately 18% of high school students in New Laguna admitted to using illicit drugs in the past month.

In 2022, New Laguna emergency services responded to over 120 drug overdose calls, a significant rise compared to previous years.

Methamphetamine abuse has surged in New Laguna, comprising nearly 45% of all drug-related arrests in Cibola County last year.

New Laguna youth have a higher incidence of alcohol use, with about 23% engaging in binge drinking recently, according to local surveys.

Cibola County, including New Laguna, recorded a 15% decrease in prescription drug misuse due to heightened awareness campaigns.

How does the body eliminate Drugs

Drug elimination is the sum of the processes of removing an administered drug from the body. In the pharmacokinetic ADME scheme (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), it is frequently considered to encompass both metabolism and excretion. Hydrophobic drugs, to be excreted, must undergo metabolic modification making them more polar. Hydrophilic drugs, on the other hand, can undergo excretion directly, without the need for metabolic changes to their molecular structures.

Although many sites of metabolism and excretion exist, the chief organ of metabolism is the liver, while the organ primarily tasked with excretion is the kidney. Any significant dysfunction in either organ can result in the accumulation of the drug or its metabolites in toxic concentrations.

A variety of other factors impact elimination — intrinsic drug properties, such as polarity, size, or pKa. Also other factors include genetic variation among individuals, disease states affecting other organs, and pathways involved in the way the drug distributes through the body, such as first-pass metabolism.

Issues of Concern

Drug elimination is the removal of an administered drug from the body. It is accomplished in two ways, either by excretion of an unmetabolized drug in its intact form or by metabolic biotransformation followed by excretion. While excretion is primarily carried out by the kidneys, other organ systems are involved as well. Similarly, the liver is the primary site of biotransformation, yet extrahepatic metabolism takes place in a variety of organ systems affecting multiple drugs.

Given the multiple organ systems and the variety of metabolic transformations present, drug elimination can entail a significant degree of complexity. Hydrophilic drugs are typically directly excreted by the kidneys, while hydrophobic drugs undergo biotransformation before excretion. The purpose here is twofold – biotransformation serves both detoxify the exogenous substances as well as to increase their hydrophilicity, ensuring their elimination via the kidneys.

Two broad metabolic pathways of hepatic drug transformation exist. Phase I is the direct modification of the target molecule, whereas phase II entails conjugation of the target to a polar molecule of low molecular weight. Phase I prepare the drug to enter phase II, but single-phase metabolism also exists.

Phase I involves oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis of the exogenous molecule. These reactions are accomplished by hepatic microsomal enzymes, which reside in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes. Best known among them is the cytochrome P450 system, whose enzymes are predominantly involved in oxidative metabolism. Within the cytochrome P450 family (CYP), the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of more than 50% of existing drugs is the CYP3A4. Its activity encompasses various classes of medications, including opioids, immunosuppressants, antihistamines, and benzodiazepines. The enzymes can also be induced or inhibited by a variety of substances they interact with, including pharmaceuticals. The increase in metabolic activity with CYP induction results in a diminished activity of drugs targeted by that particular isoform. Conversely, CYP inhibition will result in increased drug plasma concentration, potentially leading toxicity. The CYP3A4 is induced by phenytoin, phenobarbital, and St. John's wort, while diltiazem, erythromycin, and grapefruit inhibit it. Caution is, therefore, necessary when administering CYP3A4-metabolized drugs in the presence of any of the inhibitors or inducers.

Phase II consists of covalent bonding of polar groups to nonpolar molecules to render them water-soluble and allow renal or biliary excretion. Target molecules enter phase II directly or via initial processing through phase I. A variety of polar adjuncts is transferred, including amino acids, glucuronic acid, glutathione, acetate, and sulfate. Glucuronidation is one of the major pathways of phase II biotransformation. The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme family performs this activity. Typically, glucuronide derivatives possess less or no activity of the original drug, but in some cases, pharmacologically active compounds result. Morphine-6-glucuronide is a phase II metabolite of morphine with significant analgesic activity. As with the CYP enzymes, inducers, and inhibitors of phase II, enzymes exist and may influence the efficacy of drugs that rely on conjugation before excretion.

The first-pass effect is a feature of hepatic metabolism that also plays a role in the elimination of multiple drugs. Here, the enteric consumed drugs are exposed directly to the liver via the portal vein, where they undergo biotransformation before entering the systemic circulation. This activity reduces the bioavailability and needs to be factored into the dose administered to the patient. Intravenously administered drugs are not subject to the first-pass effect.

Extrahepatic drug metabolism takes place in the GI tract, kidneys, lungs, plasma, and skin.

Renal excretion completes the process of elimination that begins in the liver. Polar drugs or their metabolites get filtered in the kidneys and typically do not undergo reabsorption. They subsequently get excreted in the urine. Urinary pH has a significant impact on excretion, as drug ionization changes depending on the alkaline or acidic environment. Increased excretion occurs with weakly acidic drugs in basic urine and weakly basic drugs in acidic urine.

Excretion in the bile is another significant form of drug elimination. The liver can actively secrete ionized drugs with a molecular weight greater than 300 g/mol into bile, from where they reach the digestive tract and are either eliminated in feces or reabsorbed as part of the enterohepatic cycle.

Other pathways of excretion include the lungs, breast milk, sweat, saliva, and tears

Employers in New Laguna, NM & Drug Testing Policies

Employers in New Laguna, NM, are increasingly adopting strict drug testing policies to maintain a safe workplace environment. Many businesses implement pre-employment screenings and random tests during employment to deter drug use among employees.

In line with state guidelines, companies collaborate with organizations like the Society for Human Resource Management to develop comprehensive drug-testing policies. Employers aim to support employees struggling with addiction through Employee Assistance Programs (EAP).

Government Efforts with Drug Problems in New Laguna, NM

The government of New Laguna, NM, has been proactive in tackling drug issues through educational initiatives and partnerships with agencies. Programs are tailored for youth and families, focusing on prevention and rehabilitation. CDC Drug Overdose Prevention and SAMHSA are key partners.

Local law enforcement collaborates with the DEA to intercept drug trafficking in the area, coupled with increased funding for community programs that promote sobriety and support. Visit the Drug Enforcement Administration for more information on federal collaborations.

Local Drug Busts & News in New Laguna, NM

New Laguna, NM, experienced a significant drug bust last year when local authorities seized over 50 pounds of methamphetamines through a coordinated operation. This event underscored the persistent drug trafficking issues in Cibola County, prompting increased law enforcement activities.

Community meetings have been organized to educate residents about drug-related activities and reporting suspicious behaviors. These initiatives aim to foster a cooperative atmosphere between the public and authorities in tackling the drug epidemic.

Occupational Health Services

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Resources & Citations

NM Human Services Dept - Behavioral Health Services Division

New Mexico Department of Health - Behavioral Health

National Institute on Drug Abuse - New Mexico Overview

Stop Overdose New Mexico

Facing Addiction with NCADD

SAMHSA National Helpline

Recovery Centers in New Mexico

NM Board of Pharmacy

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