Drug Testing Locations - Cumberland, NC

Drug Testing in Cumberland, NC

Cumberland, North Carolina Statistics

In Cumberland County, NC, drug-related overdose deaths increased by 15% from 2020 to 2021.

Cumberland County reported 1,200 drug-related arrests in 2022.

In 2021, Fayetteville, located in Cumberland County, had a drug addiction treatment admission rate of 8.4 per 1,000 residents.

The opioid prescribing rate in Cumberland County was 76.2 per 100,000 population in 2022.

Fayetteville's emergency services responded to 450 drug overdose calls in 2022.

In Cumberland County, 30% of inmates in the county jail were there for drug-related charges in 2022.

How does the body eliminate Drugs

Drug elimination is the sum of the processes of removing an administered drug from the body. In the pharmacokinetic ADME scheme (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), it is frequently considered to encompass both metabolism and excretion. Hydrophobic drugs, to be excreted, must undergo metabolic modification making them more polar. Hydrophilic drugs, on the other hand, can undergo excretion directly, without the need for metabolic changes to their molecular structures.

Although many sites of metabolism and excretion exist, the chief organ of metabolism is the liver, while the organ primarily tasked with excretion is the kidney. Any significant dysfunction in either organ can result in the accumulation of the drug or its metabolites in toxic concentrations.

A variety of other factors impact elimination — intrinsic drug properties, such as polarity, size, or pKa. Also other factors include genetic variation among individuals, disease states affecting other organs, and pathways involved in the way the drug distributes through the body, such as first-pass metabolism.

Issues of Concern

Drug elimination is the removal of an administered drug from the body. It is accomplished in two ways, either by excretion of an unmetabolized drug in its intact form or by metabolic biotransformation followed by excretion. While excretion is primarily carried out by the kidneys, other organ systems are involved as well. Similarly, the liver is the primary site of biotransformation, yet extrahepatic metabolism takes place in a variety of organ systems affecting multiple drugs.

Given the multiple organ systems and the variety of metabolic transformations present, drug elimination can entail a significant degree of complexity. Hydrophilic drugs are typically directly excreted by the kidneys, while hydrophobic drugs undergo biotransformation before excretion. The purpose here is twofold – biotransformation serves both detoxify the exogenous substances as well as to increase their hydrophilicity, ensuring their elimination via the kidneys.

Two broad metabolic pathways of hepatic drug transformation exist. Phase I is the direct modification of the target molecule, whereas phase II entails conjugation of the target to a polar molecule of low molecular weight. Phase I prepare the drug to enter phase II, but single-phase metabolism also exists.

Phase I involves oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis of the exogenous molecule. These reactions are accomplished by hepatic microsomal enzymes, which reside in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes. Best known among them is the cytochrome P450 system, whose enzymes are predominantly involved in oxidative metabolism. Within the cytochrome P450 family (CYP), the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of more than 50% of existing drugs is the CYP3A4. Its activity encompasses various classes of medications, including opioids, immunosuppressants, antihistamines, and benzodiazepines. The enzymes can also be induced or inhibited by a variety of substances they interact with, including pharmaceuticals. The increase in metabolic activity with CYP induction results in a diminished activity of drugs targeted by that particular isoform. Conversely, CYP inhibition will result in increased drug plasma concentration, potentially leading toxicity. The CYP3A4 is induced by phenytoin, phenobarbital, and St. John's wort, while diltiazem, erythromycin, and grapefruit inhibit it. Caution is, therefore, necessary when administering CYP3A4-metabolized drugs in the presence of any of the inhibitors or inducers.

Phase II consists of covalent bonding of polar groups to nonpolar molecules to render them water-soluble and allow renal or biliary excretion. Target molecules enter phase II directly or via initial processing through phase I. A variety of polar adjuncts is transferred, including amino acids, glucuronic acid, glutathione, acetate, and sulfate. Glucuronidation is one of the major pathways of phase II biotransformation. The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme family performs this activity. Typically, glucuronide derivatives possess less or no activity of the original drug, but in some cases, pharmacologically active compounds result. Morphine-6-glucuronide is a phase II metabolite of morphine with significant analgesic activity. As with the CYP enzymes, inducers, and inhibitors of phase II, enzymes exist and may influence the efficacy of drugs that rely on conjugation before excretion.

The first-pass effect is a feature of hepatic metabolism that also plays a role in the elimination of multiple drugs. Here, the enteric consumed drugs are exposed directly to the liver via the portal vein, where they undergo biotransformation before entering the systemic circulation. This activity reduces the bioavailability and needs to be factored into the dose administered to the patient. Intravenously administered drugs are not subject to the first-pass effect.

Extrahepatic drug metabolism takes place in the GI tract, kidneys, lungs, plasma, and skin.

Renal excretion completes the process of elimination that begins in the liver. Polar drugs or their metabolites get filtered in the kidneys and typically do not undergo reabsorption. They subsequently get excreted in the urine. Urinary pH has a significant impact on excretion, as drug ionization changes depending on the alkaline or acidic environment. Increased excretion occurs with weakly acidic drugs in basic urine and weakly basic drugs in acidic urine.

Excretion in the bile is another significant form of drug elimination. The liver can actively secrete ionized drugs with a molecular weight greater than 300 g/mol into bile, from where they reach the digestive tract and are either eliminated in feces or reabsorbed as part of the enterohepatic cycle.

Other pathways of excretion include the lungs, breast milk, sweat, saliva, and tears

Employers in Cumberland, NC & Drug Testing Policies

Employers in Cumberland County, NC, are increasingly implementing drug testing policies to ensure a safe workplace. Companies often follow federal guidelines, such as those from the U.S. Department of Labor, to maintain a drug-free environment and protect employee well-being.

Many businesses partner with local law enforcement and the North Carolina Department of Commerce to receive guidance on creating effective drug testing programs. Policies are regularly updated to comply with legal regulations and address emerging drug trends.

Employers also provide employees with resources on substance abuse prevention and recovery options. By collaborating with the Fayetteville Technical Community College, businesses offer access to educational programs that highlight the importance of maintaining a drug-free workplace.

Government Efforts with Drug Problems in Cumberland, NC

The government of Cumberland County, NC, is taking proactive measures to combat the drug problem. Initiatives like the NC Harm Reduction Coalition focus on reducing drug-related harm through education and resources. Efforts are also made to improve access to treatment facilities.

The Cumberland County Health Department collaborates with state agencies to implement comprehensive intervention programs. Local government works with the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) to secure funding for addiction treatment services.

Local Drug Busts & News in Cumberland, NC

Cumberland County, NC, frequently sees drug-related events and busts. In 2023, local law enforcement conducted a significant operation resulting in the seizure of over $1 million worth of illegal drugs, impacting local distribution networks.

The county's joint task force collaborates with federal agencies, including the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), to conduct these operations. Regular updates from the Cumberland County Sheriff's Office keep the public informed about their efforts to curb drug trafficking.

Community events also focus on raising awareness about drug abuse. Initiatives like the annual 'Fight Against Opioids' campaign are designed to educate residents and provide support to those affected by addiction in Fayetteville and surrounding areas.

Occupational Health Services

Accredited Drug Testing offers fast, reliable employment screening services in Cumberland, NC. Trusted by employers nationwide for accurate results and exceptional service.

North Carolina DOT/Non DOT Physicals

North Carolina Vision Tests

North Carolina Audiograms

North Carolina Respirator Fit Tests

North Carolina Lift Tests

North Carolina Background Checks

Clinical Testing Services

TB Testing in NC

Diabetes Testing in NC

Infectious Disease Testing in NC

Sickle Cell Anemia Testing in NC

Women/Men's Health Testing in NC

Resources & Citations

UNC o-drug Data

NC Department of Health and Human Services

Addiction Professionals of North Carolina

Cumberland County Health Department

Cumberland County Health Department

Cumberland County Government

North Carolina Health News

Community o-drug Resources

Live Well North Carolina

Stop Addiction

Drug Testing Near Cumberland, NC

Godwin, NC

Falcon, NC

Jerome, NC

Rockfish, NC

Parkton, NC

Spring Lake, NC

Fort Bragg, NC

Autryville, NC

Wade, NC

Bonnie Doone, NC

Stedman, NC

Hope Mills, NC

Eastover, NC

Fayetteville, NC

Vander, NC

Frequently Asked Questions

Customer Reviews