Drug Testing Locations - Mount Pleasant, NC

Drug Testing in Mount Pleasant, NC

Mount Pleasant, North Carolina Statistics

Mount Pleasant, Cabarrus County reported a 15% increase in opioid overdoses in 2022.

In 2021, 70% of drug-related arrests in Mount Pleasant, Cabarrus County were linked to methamphetamine.

In Cabarrus County, substance abuse treatment admissions increased by 25% from 2020 to 2022.

Mount Pleasant, Cabarrus County saw a 10% increase in underage alcohol use in 2021.

Cabarrus County recorded 120 drug-related emergency room visits in 2022.

In 2021, heroin was involved in 40% of all drug overdoses in Mount Pleasant, Cabarrus County.

How does the body eliminate Drugs

Drug elimination is the sum of the processes of removing an administered drug from the body. In the pharmacokinetic ADME scheme (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), it is frequently considered to encompass both metabolism and excretion. Hydrophobic drugs, to be excreted, must undergo metabolic modification making them more polar. Hydrophilic drugs, on the other hand, can undergo excretion directly, without the need for metabolic changes to their molecular structures.

Although many sites of metabolism and excretion exist, the chief organ of metabolism is the liver, while the organ primarily tasked with excretion is the kidney. Any significant dysfunction in either organ can result in the accumulation of the drug or its metabolites in toxic concentrations.

A variety of other factors impact elimination — intrinsic drug properties, such as polarity, size, or pKa. Also other factors include genetic variation among individuals, disease states affecting other organs, and pathways involved in the way the drug distributes through the body, such as first-pass metabolism.

Issues of Concern

Drug elimination is the removal of an administered drug from the body. It is accomplished in two ways, either by excretion of an unmetabolized drug in its intact form or by metabolic biotransformation followed by excretion. While excretion is primarily carried out by the kidneys, other organ systems are involved as well. Similarly, the liver is the primary site of biotransformation, yet extrahepatic metabolism takes place in a variety of organ systems affecting multiple drugs.

Given the multiple organ systems and the variety of metabolic transformations present, drug elimination can entail a significant degree of complexity. Hydrophilic drugs are typically directly excreted by the kidneys, while hydrophobic drugs undergo biotransformation before excretion. The purpose here is twofold – biotransformation serves both detoxify the exogenous substances as well as to increase their hydrophilicity, ensuring their elimination via the kidneys.

Two broad metabolic pathways of hepatic drug transformation exist. Phase I is the direct modification of the target molecule, whereas phase II entails conjugation of the target to a polar molecule of low molecular weight. Phase I prepare the drug to enter phase II, but single-phase metabolism also exists.

Phase I involves oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis of the exogenous molecule. These reactions are accomplished by hepatic microsomal enzymes, which reside in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes. Best known among them is the cytochrome P450 system, whose enzymes are predominantly involved in oxidative metabolism. Within the cytochrome P450 family (CYP), the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of more than 50% of existing drugs is the CYP3A4. Its activity encompasses various classes of medications, including opioids, immunosuppressants, antihistamines, and benzodiazepines. The enzymes can also be induced or inhibited by a variety of substances they interact with, including pharmaceuticals. The increase in metabolic activity with CYP induction results in a diminished activity of drugs targeted by that particular isoform. Conversely, CYP inhibition will result in increased drug plasma concentration, potentially leading toxicity. The CYP3A4 is induced by phenytoin, phenobarbital, and St. John's wort, while diltiazem, erythromycin, and grapefruit inhibit it. Caution is, therefore, necessary when administering CYP3A4-metabolized drugs in the presence of any of the inhibitors or inducers.

Phase II consists of covalent bonding of polar groups to nonpolar molecules to render them water-soluble and allow renal or biliary excretion. Target molecules enter phase II directly or via initial processing through phase I. A variety of polar adjuncts is transferred, including amino acids, glucuronic acid, glutathione, acetate, and sulfate. Glucuronidation is one of the major pathways of phase II biotransformation. The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme family performs this activity. Typically, glucuronide derivatives possess less or no activity of the original drug, but in some cases, pharmacologically active compounds result. Morphine-6-glucuronide is a phase II metabolite of morphine with significant analgesic activity. As with the CYP enzymes, inducers, and inhibitors of phase II, enzymes exist and may influence the efficacy of drugs that rely on conjugation before excretion.

The first-pass effect is a feature of hepatic metabolism that also plays a role in the elimination of multiple drugs. Here, the enteric consumed drugs are exposed directly to the liver via the portal vein, where they undergo biotransformation before entering the systemic circulation. This activity reduces the bioavailability and needs to be factored into the dose administered to the patient. Intravenously administered drugs are not subject to the first-pass effect.

Extrahepatic drug metabolism takes place in the GI tract, kidneys, lungs, plasma, and skin.

Renal excretion completes the process of elimination that begins in the liver. Polar drugs or their metabolites get filtered in the kidneys and typically do not undergo reabsorption. They subsequently get excreted in the urine. Urinary pH has a significant impact on excretion, as drug ionization changes depending on the alkaline or acidic environment. Increased excretion occurs with weakly acidic drugs in basic urine and weakly basic drugs in acidic urine.

Excretion in the bile is another significant form of drug elimination. The liver can actively secrete ionized drugs with a molecular weight greater than 300 g/mol into bile, from where they reach the digestive tract and are either eliminated in feces or reabsorbed as part of the enterohepatic cycle.

Other pathways of excretion include the lungs, breast milk, sweat, saliva, and tears

Employers in Mount Pleasant, NC & Drug Testing Policies

Employers in Mount Pleasant, NC, take drug testing seriously to ensure a safe workplace environment. Many businesses comply with guidelines set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), requiring regular testing for employees, especially in safety-sensitive jobs.

Additionally, local employers may use services provided by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) to establish effective drug-free workplace policies. These policies help minimize the risks associated with drug abuse, promoting productivity and safety.

Community awareness is vital, and organizations based in Cabarrus County provide educational resources to support employers' efforts to prevent drug abuse among workers and offer assistance to those in recovery.

Government Efforts with Drug Problems in Mount Pleasant, NC

The government of Mount Pleasant, NC, in Cabarrus County, has been actively working to combat the drug crisis through increased funding for substance abuse programs. Initiatives like the Cabarrus Health Alliance provide critical support for those affected by addiction.

The town collaborates with state agencies, such as the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, to enhance access to treatment and preventive measures. These efforts aim to reduce drug-related issues and improve community well-being.

Local Drug Busts & News in Mount Pleasant, NC

Mount Pleasant, NC, witnessed a significant drug bust in 2022 when local authorities seized over $1 million worth of illegal narcotics. The operation was part of a larger effort by the Cabarrus County Sheriff’s Office to dismantle drug trafficking networks in the area.

Additionally, the community participates in annual drug take-back events to safely dispose of unused medications. These events aim to prevent drug abuse and accidental poisonings and are supported by local pharmacies and law enforcement agencies.

The town also hosts awareness campaigns and educational workshops to inform citizens about the dangers of drug abuse and the importance of seeking help. These activities foster community engagement and resilience against drug-related issues.

Occupational Health Services

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Resources & Citations

NC Department of Health and Human Services

NC o-drug Settlement

Cardinal Innovations Healthcare

NC Department of Justice - Stop o-drug

NC Drug Take Back

Cabarrus Health Alliance

SAMHSA National Helpline

NC Medical Society - Drug Abuse Prevention

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