Drug Testing Locations - Frankfort, OH

Drug Testing in Frankfort, OH

Frankfort, Ohio Statistics

In Frankfort, OH, located in Ross County, the number of opioid overdoses increased by 15% from 2020 to 2021.

Ross County reported over 300 drug-related arrests in 2022, with a significant portion occurring in Frankfort.

In Frankfort, OH, approximately 8% of high school students reported using illicit drugs in the past month, according to the latest school survey.

The drug-related death rate in Ross County, including Frankfort, was 22 per 100,000 people in 2021.

Frankfort's emergency services responded to over 200 drug overdose calls in 2022, marking an increase from prior years.

Ross County, where Frankfort is located, had over 500 Narcan deployments by emergency personnel in 2022.

How does the body eliminate Drugs

Drug elimination is the sum of the processes of removing an administered drug from the body. In the pharmacokinetic ADME scheme (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), it is frequently considered to encompass both metabolism and excretion. Hydrophobic drugs, to be excreted, must undergo metabolic modification making them more polar. Hydrophilic drugs, on the other hand, can undergo excretion directly, without the need for metabolic changes to their molecular structures.

Although many sites of metabolism and excretion exist, the chief organ of metabolism is the liver, while the organ primarily tasked with excretion is the kidney. Any significant dysfunction in either organ can result in the accumulation of the drug or its metabolites in toxic concentrations.

A variety of other factors impact elimination — intrinsic drug properties, such as polarity, size, or pKa. Also other factors include genetic variation among individuals, disease states affecting other organs, and pathways involved in the way the drug distributes through the body, such as first-pass metabolism.

Issues of Concern

Drug elimination is the removal of an administered drug from the body. It is accomplished in two ways, either by excretion of an unmetabolized drug in its intact form or by metabolic biotransformation followed by excretion. While excretion is primarily carried out by the kidneys, other organ systems are involved as well. Similarly, the liver is the primary site of biotransformation, yet extrahepatic metabolism takes place in a variety of organ systems affecting multiple drugs.

Given the multiple organ systems and the variety of metabolic transformations present, drug elimination can entail a significant degree of complexity. Hydrophilic drugs are typically directly excreted by the kidneys, while hydrophobic drugs undergo biotransformation before excretion. The purpose here is twofold – biotransformation serves both detoxify the exogenous substances as well as to increase their hydrophilicity, ensuring their elimination via the kidneys.

Two broad metabolic pathways of hepatic drug transformation exist. Phase I is the direct modification of the target molecule, whereas phase II entails conjugation of the target to a polar molecule of low molecular weight. Phase I prepare the drug to enter phase II, but single-phase metabolism also exists.

Phase I involves oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis of the exogenous molecule. These reactions are accomplished by hepatic microsomal enzymes, which reside in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes. Best known among them is the cytochrome P450 system, whose enzymes are predominantly involved in oxidative metabolism. Within the cytochrome P450 family (CYP), the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of more than 50% of existing drugs is the CYP3A4. Its activity encompasses various classes of medications, including opioids, immunosuppressants, antihistamines, and benzodiazepines. The enzymes can also be induced or inhibited by a variety of substances they interact with, including pharmaceuticals. The increase in metabolic activity with CYP induction results in a diminished activity of drugs targeted by that particular isoform. Conversely, CYP inhibition will result in increased drug plasma concentration, potentially leading toxicity. The CYP3A4 is induced by phenytoin, phenobarbital, and St. John's wort, while diltiazem, erythromycin, and grapefruit inhibit it. Caution is, therefore, necessary when administering CYP3A4-metabolized drugs in the presence of any of the inhibitors or inducers.

Phase II consists of covalent bonding of polar groups to nonpolar molecules to render them water-soluble and allow renal or biliary excretion. Target molecules enter phase II directly or via initial processing through phase I. A variety of polar adjuncts is transferred, including amino acids, glucuronic acid, glutathione, acetate, and sulfate. Glucuronidation is one of the major pathways of phase II biotransformation. The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme family performs this activity. Typically, glucuronide derivatives possess less or no activity of the original drug, but in some cases, pharmacologically active compounds result. Morphine-6-glucuronide is a phase II metabolite of morphine with significant analgesic activity. As with the CYP enzymes, inducers, and inhibitors of phase II, enzymes exist and may influence the efficacy of drugs that rely on conjugation before excretion.

The first-pass effect is a feature of hepatic metabolism that also plays a role in the elimination of multiple drugs. Here, the enteric consumed drugs are exposed directly to the liver via the portal vein, where they undergo biotransformation before entering the systemic circulation. This activity reduces the bioavailability and needs to be factored into the dose administered to the patient. Intravenously administered drugs are not subject to the first-pass effect.

Extrahepatic drug metabolism takes place in the GI tract, kidneys, lungs, plasma, and skin.

Renal excretion completes the process of elimination that begins in the liver. Polar drugs or their metabolites get filtered in the kidneys and typically do not undergo reabsorption. They subsequently get excreted in the urine. Urinary pH has a significant impact on excretion, as drug ionization changes depending on the alkaline or acidic environment. Increased excretion occurs with weakly acidic drugs in basic urine and weakly basic drugs in acidic urine.

Excretion in the bile is another significant form of drug elimination. The liver can actively secrete ionized drugs with a molecular weight greater than 300 g/mol into bile, from where they reach the digestive tract and are either eliminated in feces or reabsorbed as part of the enterohepatic cycle.

Other pathways of excretion include the lungs, breast milk, sweat, saliva, and tears

Employers in Frankfort, OH & Drug Testing Policies

Several employers in Frankfort, OH, implement strict drug testing policies as part of their workplace safety measures. Routine drug screenings are conducted for new hires and random tests are administered throughout employment to ensure a drug-free work environment.

In compliance with state and federal regulations, companies reference guidelines from the U.S. Department of Labor and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). This ensures that businesses maintain a safe and productive workspace while supporting employees through potential substance abuse challenges.

Many local businesses have also partnered with rehabilitation centers to offer assistance programs for employees struggling with drug dependency, highlighting a community-focused approach to mitigating drug issues.

Government Efforts with Drug Problems in Frankfort, OH

The government of Frankfort, OH, alongside Ross County, has intensified its efforts to combat drug abuse through various programs. Local authorities have increased funding for substance abuse treatment and prevention initiatives. Community workshops and educational campaigns have been launched to raise awareness about the dangers of drug use.

State agencies, such as the Ohio Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, play a critical role in supporting Frankfort's anti-drug measures. These efforts are complemented by federal support from agencies like the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), which collaborates with local law enforcement on drug-related investigations.

Local Drug Busts & News in Frankfort, OH

Frankfort, OH, has seen several drug-related incidents with law enforcement actively targeting illegal drug activities. In 2023, a notable drug bust led to the seizure of significant quantities of methamphetamine, resulting in multiple arrests.

The Ross County Sheriff's Office collaborates closely with the Frankfort Police Department to address drug-related crimes. Community events are often held to discuss recent developments and promote public safety initiatives to deter drug activity.

Public engagement through safe disposal events for prescription drugs and drug awareness workshops has been effective in community education and prevention efforts, leading to increased cooperation between residents and law enforcement.

Occupational Health Services

Accredited Drug Testing offers fast, reliable employment screening services in Frankfort, OH. Trusted by employers nationwide for accurate results and exceptional service.

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Resources & Citations

Start Talking Ohio

Ohio Association of County Behavioral Health Authorities

Recovery Ohio

Ohio Attorney General's Office

Central Ohio Addiction Center

Ross County Health District

Ohio.gov Substance Use Disorders

Ohio Department of Health

The Night Before Project

Ohio Prevention and Recovery

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