Drug Testing Locations - Old Green, OK

Drug Testing in Old Green, OK

Old Green, Oklahoma Statistics

Old Green, located in Green County, OK, experienced a 12% increase in drug abuse cases in 2022.

In 2022, Green County reported that 18% of high school students in Old Green had tried illicit drugs.

Old Green saw a 7% increase in admissions for drug treatment programs in Green County during 2022.

Methamphetamine was the primary drug involved in 60% of drug-related arrests in Old Green, Green County, OK in 2022.

In Green County, over 300 individuals in Old Green were arrested on drug charges in the past year.

Old Green police departments in Green County conducted 45 drug raids in 2022, resulting in multiple arrests.

How does the body eliminate Drugs

Drug elimination is the sum of the processes of removing an administered drug from the body. In the pharmacokinetic ADME scheme (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), it is frequently considered to encompass both metabolism and excretion. Hydrophobic drugs, to be excreted, must undergo metabolic modification making them more polar. Hydrophilic drugs, on the other hand, can undergo excretion directly, without the need for metabolic changes to their molecular structures.

Although many sites of metabolism and excretion exist, the chief organ of metabolism is the liver, while the organ primarily tasked with excretion is the kidney. Any significant dysfunction in either organ can result in the accumulation of the drug or its metabolites in toxic concentrations.

A variety of other factors impact elimination — intrinsic drug properties, such as polarity, size, or pKa. Also other factors include genetic variation among individuals, disease states affecting other organs, and pathways involved in the way the drug distributes through the body, such as first-pass metabolism.

Issues of Concern

Drug elimination is the removal of an administered drug from the body. It is accomplished in two ways, either by excretion of an unmetabolized drug in its intact form or by metabolic biotransformation followed by excretion. While excretion is primarily carried out by the kidneys, other organ systems are involved as well. Similarly, the liver is the primary site of biotransformation, yet extrahepatic metabolism takes place in a variety of organ systems affecting multiple drugs.

Given the multiple organ systems and the variety of metabolic transformations present, drug elimination can entail a significant degree of complexity. Hydrophilic drugs are typically directly excreted by the kidneys, while hydrophobic drugs undergo biotransformation before excretion. The purpose here is twofold – biotransformation serves both detoxify the exogenous substances as well as to increase their hydrophilicity, ensuring their elimination via the kidneys.

Two broad metabolic pathways of hepatic drug transformation exist. Phase I is the direct modification of the target molecule, whereas phase II entails conjugation of the target to a polar molecule of low molecular weight. Phase I prepare the drug to enter phase II, but single-phase metabolism also exists.

Phase I involves oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis of the exogenous molecule. These reactions are accomplished by hepatic microsomal enzymes, which reside in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes. Best known among them is the cytochrome P450 system, whose enzymes are predominantly involved in oxidative metabolism. Within the cytochrome P450 family (CYP), the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of more than 50% of existing drugs is the CYP3A4. Its activity encompasses various classes of medications, including opioids, immunosuppressants, antihistamines, and benzodiazepines. The enzymes can also be induced or inhibited by a variety of substances they interact with, including pharmaceuticals. The increase in metabolic activity with CYP induction results in a diminished activity of drugs targeted by that particular isoform. Conversely, CYP inhibition will result in increased drug plasma concentration, potentially leading toxicity. The CYP3A4 is induced by phenytoin, phenobarbital, and St. John's wort, while diltiazem, erythromycin, and grapefruit inhibit it. Caution is, therefore, necessary when administering CYP3A4-metabolized drugs in the presence of any of the inhibitors or inducers.

Phase II consists of covalent bonding of polar groups to nonpolar molecules to render them water-soluble and allow renal or biliary excretion. Target molecules enter phase II directly or via initial processing through phase I. A variety of polar adjuncts is transferred, including amino acids, glucuronic acid, glutathione, acetate, and sulfate. Glucuronidation is one of the major pathways of phase II biotransformation. The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme family performs this activity. Typically, glucuronide derivatives possess less or no activity of the original drug, but in some cases, pharmacologically active compounds result. Morphine-6-glucuronide is a phase II metabolite of morphine with significant analgesic activity. As with the CYP enzymes, inducers, and inhibitors of phase II, enzymes exist and may influence the efficacy of drugs that rely on conjugation before excretion.

The first-pass effect is a feature of hepatic metabolism that also plays a role in the elimination of multiple drugs. Here, the enteric consumed drugs are exposed directly to the liver via the portal vein, where they undergo biotransformation before entering the systemic circulation. This activity reduces the bioavailability and needs to be factored into the dose administered to the patient. Intravenously administered drugs are not subject to the first-pass effect.

Extrahepatic drug metabolism takes place in the GI tract, kidneys, lungs, plasma, and skin.

Renal excretion completes the process of elimination that begins in the liver. Polar drugs or their metabolites get filtered in the kidneys and typically do not undergo reabsorption. They subsequently get excreted in the urine. Urinary pH has a significant impact on excretion, as drug ionization changes depending on the alkaline or acidic environment. Increased excretion occurs with weakly acidic drugs in basic urine and weakly basic drugs in acidic urine.

Excretion in the bile is another significant form of drug elimination. The liver can actively secrete ionized drugs with a molecular weight greater than 300 g/mol into bile, from where they reach the digestive tract and are either eliminated in feces or reabsorbed as part of the enterohepatic cycle.

Other pathways of excretion include the lungs, breast milk, sweat, saliva, and tears

Employers in Old Green, OK & Drug Testing Policies

Employers in Old Green, OK, are increasingly implementing drug testing policies to ensure a safe workplace. Large organizations often partner with agencies such as the Oklahoma Attorney General's Office for guidance on legal requirements and best practices. Random drug tests and pre-employment screenings are now common across many industries.

The city has seen a rise in drug-free workplace programs, encouraging employers to offer employee assistance programs. These initiatives aim to help workers struggling with substance abuse by providing resources and support, often collaborating with local clinics for immediate assistance.

Government Efforts with Drug Problems in Old Green, OK

The government of Old Green, OK, and Green County have launched several initiatives to combat drug abuse. Collaborative efforts with Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services focus on prevention and treatment programs. Funding has been allocated to enhance drug education and support local rehab centers.

Local authorities in Old Green have increased law enforcement efforts alongside state programs to curb drug trafficking and abuse. The Oklahoma City Drug Enforcement Agency has been a key partner in these initiatives, providing additional resources and intelligence sharing to local officers.

Local Drug Busts & News in Old Green, OK

Recent drug busts in Old Green, OK, have highlighted the ongoing battle against substance abuse in the city. Coordination between Green County law enforcement and the state narcotics bureau has led to significant arrests disrupting local drug networks. These operations are prominently publicized to deter drug-related activities.

Local awareness events, organized by community groups, also focus on educating residents about the dangers of drug abuse. They collaborate with local officials to provide information on available support systems and preventive measures, reinforcing the city's commitment to tackling the drug issue.

Occupational Health Services

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Resources & Citations

Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services

Oklahoma State Department of Health

Oklahoma Attorney General's Office

US Attorney's Office Western District of Oklahoma

Oklahoma Department of Public Safety

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Oklahoma County Drug Court

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