Drug Testing Locations - Phillips, OK

Drug Testing in Phillips, OK

Phillips, Oklahoma Statistics

Phillips, OK has seen a 15% increase in opioid-related deaths in the last year, as recorded by the Coal County Health Department.

According to a 2022 report, 12% of residents in Phillips, OK, reported illicit drug use in the past month.

The Coal County Sheriff's Office reports a 20% rise in drug-related arrests in Phillips, OK, over the last two years.

A study by the Oklahoma Department of Mental Health found that 10% of high school students in Phillips, OK, used prescription drugs recreationally in 2022.

Drug incidents in Phillips, OK, accounted for 30% of all criminal activity in Coal County last year.

How does the body eliminate Drugs

Drug elimination is the sum of the processes of removing an administered drug from the body. In the pharmacokinetic ADME scheme (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), it is frequently considered to encompass both metabolism and excretion. Hydrophobic drugs, to be excreted, must undergo metabolic modification making them more polar. Hydrophilic drugs, on the other hand, can undergo excretion directly, without the need for metabolic changes to their molecular structures.

Although many sites of metabolism and excretion exist, the chief organ of metabolism is the liver, while the organ primarily tasked with excretion is the kidney. Any significant dysfunction in either organ can result in the accumulation of the drug or its metabolites in toxic concentrations.

A variety of other factors impact elimination — intrinsic drug properties, such as polarity, size, or pKa. Also other factors include genetic variation among individuals, disease states affecting other organs, and pathways involved in the way the drug distributes through the body, such as first-pass metabolism.

Issues of Concern

Drug elimination is the removal of an administered drug from the body. It is accomplished in two ways, either by excretion of an unmetabolized drug in its intact form or by metabolic biotransformation followed by excretion. While excretion is primarily carried out by the kidneys, other organ systems are involved as well. Similarly, the liver is the primary site of biotransformation, yet extrahepatic metabolism takes place in a variety of organ systems affecting multiple drugs.

Given the multiple organ systems and the variety of metabolic transformations present, drug elimination can entail a significant degree of complexity. Hydrophilic drugs are typically directly excreted by the kidneys, while hydrophobic drugs undergo biotransformation before excretion. The purpose here is twofold – biotransformation serves both detoxify the exogenous substances as well as to increase their hydrophilicity, ensuring their elimination via the kidneys.

Two broad metabolic pathways of hepatic drug transformation exist. Phase I is the direct modification of the target molecule, whereas phase II entails conjugation of the target to a polar molecule of low molecular weight. Phase I prepare the drug to enter phase II, but single-phase metabolism also exists.

Phase I involves oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis of the exogenous molecule. These reactions are accomplished by hepatic microsomal enzymes, which reside in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes. Best known among them is the cytochrome P450 system, whose enzymes are predominantly involved in oxidative metabolism. Within the cytochrome P450 family (CYP), the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of more than 50% of existing drugs is the CYP3A4. Its activity encompasses various classes of medications, including opioids, immunosuppressants, antihistamines, and benzodiazepines. The enzymes can also be induced or inhibited by a variety of substances they interact with, including pharmaceuticals. The increase in metabolic activity with CYP induction results in a diminished activity of drugs targeted by that particular isoform. Conversely, CYP inhibition will result in increased drug plasma concentration, potentially leading toxicity. The CYP3A4 is induced by phenytoin, phenobarbital, and St. John's wort, while diltiazem, erythromycin, and grapefruit inhibit it. Caution is, therefore, necessary when administering CYP3A4-metabolized drugs in the presence of any of the inhibitors or inducers.

Phase II consists of covalent bonding of polar groups to nonpolar molecules to render them water-soluble and allow renal or biliary excretion. Target molecules enter phase II directly or via initial processing through phase I. A variety of polar adjuncts is transferred, including amino acids, glucuronic acid, glutathione, acetate, and sulfate. Glucuronidation is one of the major pathways of phase II biotransformation. The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme family performs this activity. Typically, glucuronide derivatives possess less or no activity of the original drug, but in some cases, pharmacologically active compounds result. Morphine-6-glucuronide is a phase II metabolite of morphine with significant analgesic activity. As with the CYP enzymes, inducers, and inhibitors of phase II, enzymes exist and may influence the efficacy of drugs that rely on conjugation before excretion.

The first-pass effect is a feature of hepatic metabolism that also plays a role in the elimination of multiple drugs. Here, the enteric consumed drugs are exposed directly to the liver via the portal vein, where they undergo biotransformation before entering the systemic circulation. This activity reduces the bioavailability and needs to be factored into the dose administered to the patient. Intravenously administered drugs are not subject to the first-pass effect.

Extrahepatic drug metabolism takes place in the GI tract, kidneys, lungs, plasma, and skin.

Renal excretion completes the process of elimination that begins in the liver. Polar drugs or their metabolites get filtered in the kidneys and typically do not undergo reabsorption. They subsequently get excreted in the urine. Urinary pH has a significant impact on excretion, as drug ionization changes depending on the alkaline or acidic environment. Increased excretion occurs with weakly acidic drugs in basic urine and weakly basic drugs in acidic urine.

Excretion in the bile is another significant form of drug elimination. The liver can actively secrete ionized drugs with a molecular weight greater than 300 g/mol into bile, from where they reach the digestive tract and are either eliminated in feces or reabsorbed as part of the enterohepatic cycle.

Other pathways of excretion include the lungs, breast milk, sweat, saliva, and tears

Employers in Phillips, OK & Drug Testing Policies

To ensure a safe and productive work environment, many employers in Phillips, OK, have implemented strict drug testing policies. Companies often conduct pre-employment drug screenings as well as random testing throughout employment. Industry standards recommend adherence to guidelines provided by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).

Local businesses are also encouraged to offer support programs for employees struggling with substance abuse, recognizing the importance of offering help rather than solely enforcing punitive measures. Employers typically collaborate with local health agencies to provide counseling and treatment assistance when necessary.

Government Efforts with Drug Problems in Phillips, OK

The government of Phillips, OK has been actively working to combat the ongoing drug problems. Their initiatives include collaborations with the Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services to increase access to rehabilitation programs. They also work closely with the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Western District of Oklahoma to implement law enforcement strategies aimed at reducing drug trafficking and abuse.

Moreover, Phillips has launched educational campaigns, in partnership with local schools, to raise awareness about the dangers of drug abuse. The city's initiative aims to provide better training for educators and community workers, equipping them with tools to identify and support individuals struggling with addiction.

Local Drug Busts & News in Phillips, OK

Phillips, OK has been the site of several significant drug busts over the past few years, highlighting the ongoing battle against illegal drug distribution. A notable operation led by the Coal County Sheriff's Department resulted in the seizure of a large quantity of methamphetamine and multiple arrests in early 2023.

In another event, a multi-agency task force, involving both local law enforcement and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), dismantled a drug trafficking ring operating in Phillips. This operation underscores the town's commitment to tackling drug issues head-on and working closely with federal authorities.

Occupational Health Services

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Resources & Citations

Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services

SAMHSA National Helpline

Oklahoma Drug Court

Coal County Health Department

U.S. Attorney's Office for the Western District of Oklahoma

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

State Trends and Statistics - NIDA

Oklahoma State Department of Health

Network of Care for Behavioral Health

Oklahoma Crisis Center Services

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