Drug Testing Locations - Seward, OK

Drug Testing in Seward, OK

Seward, Oklahoma Statistics

In Seward, OK, which is located in Logan County, 12% of high school students reportedly misuse prescription drugs.

Logan County, home to Seward, OK, has seen a 25% increase in opioid-related emergency room visits over the past two years.

Seward, OK, ranks third in Logan County for methamphetamine-related arrests, according to recent police reports.

In Logan County, which includes Seward, drug-related mortality rates have increased by 15% since 2020.

Seward, OK, reported a 20% increase in drug possession arrests for individuals aged 18-25 in the last year.

Substance abuse treatment admissions in Logan County have risen by 30%, impacting communities like Seward, OK, significantly.

How does the body eliminate Drugs

Drug elimination is the sum of the processes of removing an administered drug from the body. In the pharmacokinetic ADME scheme (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), it is frequently considered to encompass both metabolism and excretion. Hydrophobic drugs, to be excreted, must undergo metabolic modification making them more polar. Hydrophilic drugs, on the other hand, can undergo excretion directly, without the need for metabolic changes to their molecular structures.

Although many sites of metabolism and excretion exist, the chief organ of metabolism is the liver, while the organ primarily tasked with excretion is the kidney. Any significant dysfunction in either organ can result in the accumulation of the drug or its metabolites in toxic concentrations.

A variety of other factors impact elimination — intrinsic drug properties, such as polarity, size, or pKa. Also other factors include genetic variation among individuals, disease states affecting other organs, and pathways involved in the way the drug distributes through the body, such as first-pass metabolism.

Issues of Concern

Drug elimination is the removal of an administered drug from the body. It is accomplished in two ways, either by excretion of an unmetabolized drug in its intact form or by metabolic biotransformation followed by excretion. While excretion is primarily carried out by the kidneys, other organ systems are involved as well. Similarly, the liver is the primary site of biotransformation, yet extrahepatic metabolism takes place in a variety of organ systems affecting multiple drugs.

Given the multiple organ systems and the variety of metabolic transformations present, drug elimination can entail a significant degree of complexity. Hydrophilic drugs are typically directly excreted by the kidneys, while hydrophobic drugs undergo biotransformation before excretion. The purpose here is twofold – biotransformation serves both detoxify the exogenous substances as well as to increase their hydrophilicity, ensuring their elimination via the kidneys.

Two broad metabolic pathways of hepatic drug transformation exist. Phase I is the direct modification of the target molecule, whereas phase II entails conjugation of the target to a polar molecule of low molecular weight. Phase I prepare the drug to enter phase II, but single-phase metabolism also exists.

Phase I involves oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis of the exogenous molecule. These reactions are accomplished by hepatic microsomal enzymes, which reside in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes. Best known among them is the cytochrome P450 system, whose enzymes are predominantly involved in oxidative metabolism. Within the cytochrome P450 family (CYP), the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of more than 50% of existing drugs is the CYP3A4. Its activity encompasses various classes of medications, including opioids, immunosuppressants, antihistamines, and benzodiazepines. The enzymes can also be induced or inhibited by a variety of substances they interact with, including pharmaceuticals. The increase in metabolic activity with CYP induction results in a diminished activity of drugs targeted by that particular isoform. Conversely, CYP inhibition will result in increased drug plasma concentration, potentially leading toxicity. The CYP3A4 is induced by phenytoin, phenobarbital, and St. John's wort, while diltiazem, erythromycin, and grapefruit inhibit it. Caution is, therefore, necessary when administering CYP3A4-metabolized drugs in the presence of any of the inhibitors or inducers.

Phase II consists of covalent bonding of polar groups to nonpolar molecules to render them water-soluble and allow renal or biliary excretion. Target molecules enter phase II directly or via initial processing through phase I. A variety of polar adjuncts is transferred, including amino acids, glucuronic acid, glutathione, acetate, and sulfate. Glucuronidation is one of the major pathways of phase II biotransformation. The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme family performs this activity. Typically, glucuronide derivatives possess less or no activity of the original drug, but in some cases, pharmacologically active compounds result. Morphine-6-glucuronide is a phase II metabolite of morphine with significant analgesic activity. As with the CYP enzymes, inducers, and inhibitors of phase II, enzymes exist and may influence the efficacy of drugs that rely on conjugation before excretion.

The first-pass effect is a feature of hepatic metabolism that also plays a role in the elimination of multiple drugs. Here, the enteric consumed drugs are exposed directly to the liver via the portal vein, where they undergo biotransformation before entering the systemic circulation. This activity reduces the bioavailability and needs to be factored into the dose administered to the patient. Intravenously administered drugs are not subject to the first-pass effect.

Extrahepatic drug metabolism takes place in the GI tract, kidneys, lungs, plasma, and skin.

Renal excretion completes the process of elimination that begins in the liver. Polar drugs or their metabolites get filtered in the kidneys and typically do not undergo reabsorption. They subsequently get excreted in the urine. Urinary pH has a significant impact on excretion, as drug ionization changes depending on the alkaline or acidic environment. Increased excretion occurs with weakly acidic drugs in basic urine and weakly basic drugs in acidic urine.

Excretion in the bile is another significant form of drug elimination. The liver can actively secrete ionized drugs with a molecular weight greater than 300 g/mol into bile, from where they reach the digestive tract and are either eliminated in feces or reabsorbed as part of the enterohepatic cycle.

Other pathways of excretion include the lungs, breast milk, sweat, saliva, and tears

Employers in Seward, OK & Drug Testing Policies

Employers in Seward, OK, have recognized the need to address drug abuse in the workplace. Many have adopted drug testing policies to ensure a safe work environment. These policies often include pre-employment screening and random drug testing for current employees, adhering to the guidelines set by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

Some of the larger employers in Logan County, including those in Seward, have also implemented employee assistance programs (EAPs) to provide support for workers struggling with addiction. These programs offer confidential counseling services and resources, aiming to rehabilitate affected individuals and maintain productivity.

Government Efforts with Drug Problems in Seward, OK

The government of Seward, OK, in Logan County, has taken significant measures to combat drug abuse. Programs are implemented in collaboration with the Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, focusing on prevention and education. Additionally, the local government has increased funding for addiction treatment facilities and community outreach programs to address the growing issue.

The state government has also allocated resources to enhance law enforcement's capability to combat drug trafficking in Logan County. Through partnerships with federal agencies like the Drug Enforcement Administration, local initiatives aim to reduce the availability of illegal substances. Awareness campaigns and collaboration with schools emphasize reducing drug use among youth in areas like Seward, OK.

Local Drug Busts & News in Seward, OK

Recent efforts by law enforcement in Seward, OK, have resulted in significant drug busts aimed at curbing substance abuse. A notable operation led to the arrest of several individuals involved in the distribution of methamphetamine in Logan County. The crackdown was part of a broader initiative to dismantle drug networks in the area.

Seward, OK, has also hosted community events focused on raising awareness about drug addiction and recovery resources. These events, often supported by local organizations, offer educational workshops and provide a platform for individuals to share their stories, fostering a supportive environment for those affected by drug issues.

Occupational Health Services

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Resources & Citations

Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services

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Oklahoma State Department of Health

Oklahoma Addiction Treatment Network

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Oklahoma Coalition Against Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault

Oklahoma Department of Public Safety

Oklahoma Department of Libraries: Health and Reference Resources

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