Drug Testing Locations - Atlantic, PA

Drug Testing in Atlantic, PA

Atlantic, Pennsylvania Statistics

In Atlantic, located in Crawford County, PA, opioid-related deaths have increased by 15% since 2020.

Atlantic, PA, part of Crawford County, reported a 25% rise in hospitalization due to drug overdoses in 2022.

Crawford County, which includes Atlantic, saw a 40% increase in drug-related arrests from 2021 to 2023.

In 2023, Atlantic's Crawford County reported that 18% of high school students admitted to trying an illicit drug.

Drug treatment admissions in Atlantic, PA, have grown by 30% in Crawford County over the past two years.

Crawford County, encompassing Atlantic, saw a 12% decline in prescription drug abuse cases in 2022.

How does the body eliminate Drugs

Drug elimination is the sum of the processes of removing an administered drug from the body. In the pharmacokinetic ADME scheme (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), it is frequently considered to encompass both metabolism and excretion. Hydrophobic drugs, to be excreted, must undergo metabolic modification making them more polar. Hydrophilic drugs, on the other hand, can undergo excretion directly, without the need for metabolic changes to their molecular structures.

Although many sites of metabolism and excretion exist, the chief organ of metabolism is the liver, while the organ primarily tasked with excretion is the kidney. Any significant dysfunction in either organ can result in the accumulation of the drug or its metabolites in toxic concentrations.

A variety of other factors impact elimination — intrinsic drug properties, such as polarity, size, or pKa. Also other factors include genetic variation among individuals, disease states affecting other organs, and pathways involved in the way the drug distributes through the body, such as first-pass metabolism.

Issues of Concern

Drug elimination is the removal of an administered drug from the body. It is accomplished in two ways, either by excretion of an unmetabolized drug in its intact form or by metabolic biotransformation followed by excretion. While excretion is primarily carried out by the kidneys, other organ systems are involved as well. Similarly, the liver is the primary site of biotransformation, yet extrahepatic metabolism takes place in a variety of organ systems affecting multiple drugs.

Given the multiple organ systems and the variety of metabolic transformations present, drug elimination can entail a significant degree of complexity. Hydrophilic drugs are typically directly excreted by the kidneys, while hydrophobic drugs undergo biotransformation before excretion. The purpose here is twofold – biotransformation serves both detoxify the exogenous substances as well as to increase their hydrophilicity, ensuring their elimination via the kidneys.

Two broad metabolic pathways of hepatic drug transformation exist. Phase I is the direct modification of the target molecule, whereas phase II entails conjugation of the target to a polar molecule of low molecular weight. Phase I prepare the drug to enter phase II, but single-phase metabolism also exists.

Phase I involves oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis of the exogenous molecule. These reactions are accomplished by hepatic microsomal enzymes, which reside in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes. Best known among them is the cytochrome P450 system, whose enzymes are predominantly involved in oxidative metabolism. Within the cytochrome P450 family (CYP), the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of more than 50% of existing drugs is the CYP3A4. Its activity encompasses various classes of medications, including opioids, immunosuppressants, antihistamines, and benzodiazepines. The enzymes can also be induced or inhibited by a variety of substances they interact with, including pharmaceuticals. The increase in metabolic activity with CYP induction results in a diminished activity of drugs targeted by that particular isoform. Conversely, CYP inhibition will result in increased drug plasma concentration, potentially leading toxicity. The CYP3A4 is induced by phenytoin, phenobarbital, and St. John's wort, while diltiazem, erythromycin, and grapefruit inhibit it. Caution is, therefore, necessary when administering CYP3A4-metabolized drugs in the presence of any of the inhibitors or inducers.

Phase II consists of covalent bonding of polar groups to nonpolar molecules to render them water-soluble and allow renal or biliary excretion. Target molecules enter phase II directly or via initial processing through phase I. A variety of polar adjuncts is transferred, including amino acids, glucuronic acid, glutathione, acetate, and sulfate. Glucuronidation is one of the major pathways of phase II biotransformation. The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme family performs this activity. Typically, glucuronide derivatives possess less or no activity of the original drug, but in some cases, pharmacologically active compounds result. Morphine-6-glucuronide is a phase II metabolite of morphine with significant analgesic activity. As with the CYP enzymes, inducers, and inhibitors of phase II, enzymes exist and may influence the efficacy of drugs that rely on conjugation before excretion.

The first-pass effect is a feature of hepatic metabolism that also plays a role in the elimination of multiple drugs. Here, the enteric consumed drugs are exposed directly to the liver via the portal vein, where they undergo biotransformation before entering the systemic circulation. This activity reduces the bioavailability and needs to be factored into the dose administered to the patient. Intravenously administered drugs are not subject to the first-pass effect.

Extrahepatic drug metabolism takes place in the GI tract, kidneys, lungs, plasma, and skin.

Renal excretion completes the process of elimination that begins in the liver. Polar drugs or their metabolites get filtered in the kidneys and typically do not undergo reabsorption. They subsequently get excreted in the urine. Urinary pH has a significant impact on excretion, as drug ionization changes depending on the alkaline or acidic environment. Increased excretion occurs with weakly acidic drugs in basic urine and weakly basic drugs in acidic urine.

Excretion in the bile is another significant form of drug elimination. The liver can actively secrete ionized drugs with a molecular weight greater than 300 g/mol into bile, from where they reach the digestive tract and are either eliminated in feces or reabsorbed as part of the enterohepatic cycle.

Other pathways of excretion include the lungs, breast milk, sweat, saliva, and tears

Employers in Atlantic, PA & Drug Testing Policies

Employers in Atlantic, PA, have implemented stringent drug testing policies to ensure a safe workplace environment. Many companies require pre-employment and random drug screenings. This not only deters employees from using illegal substances but also assists those in need of rehabilitation by providing resources to assist them.

The local chambers of commerce encourage businesses to adopt drug-free workplace policies, helping to provide a clear framework for companies to follow. For guidance, employers frequently consult with the U.S. Department of Labor's website on maintaining a drug-free workplace.

Government Efforts with Drug Problems in Atlantic, PA

The government of Atlantic, PA, has been proactive in tackling the drug problem by increasing funding for local treatment facilities. This effort aims to provide comprehensive support for individuals struggling with addiction. Furthermore, they've partnered with state initiatives to enhance community education and awareness about the dangers of drug abuse.

Local efforts are also complemented by state programs like the Pennsylvania Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs, which collaborates with local agencies to create an environment conducive to recovery. For more information, visit their website here.

Local Drug Busts & News in Atlantic, PA

Atlantic, PA, has seen a number of significant drug busts in recent years, highlighting the ongoing battle against drug trafficking. Local law enforcement, with the aid of state agencies, successfully dismantled a significant drug ring operating within Crawford County, resulting in multiple arrests and the seizure of substantial amounts of narcotics.

Community events focusing on drug awareness have also been increasing. Local organizations host forums and workshops aimed at educating the public about the risks of drug abuse and the importance of support systems. These efforts have been instrumental in fostering a community-wide approach to tackling the issue of drug abuse.

Occupational Health Services

Accredited Drug Testing offers fast, reliable employment screening services in Atlantic, PA. Trusted by employers nationwide for accurate results and exceptional service.

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Resources & Citations

Pennsylvania State Drug Rehabilitation

Crawford County Drug & Alcohol Commission

SAMHSA National Helpline

Narcotics Anonymous Meetings

FDA Drug Safety and Information

Alcoholics Anonymous Meetings

Partners in Care PA

Recovery.gov

CDC Drug Overdose in Pennsylvania

National Institute on Drug Abuse

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