Drug Testing Locations - South Superior, WI

Drug Testing in South Superior, WI

South Superior, Wisconsin Statistics

In 2020, Douglas County, which includes South Superior, WI, reported 150 drug-related arrests.

In 2021, opioid-related hospitalizations in Douglas County increased by 12% compared to 2020.

South Superior, WI experienced a 20% increase in drug overdose deaths in 2021.

In Douglas County, 35% of high school students reported using marijuana in the past year as of 2020.

Police in South Superior, WI, seized over 200 grams of methamphetamine in 2021.

In 2019, Douglas County had an overdose death rate of 18.5 per 100,000 people.

How does the body eliminate Drugs

Drug elimination is the sum of the processes of removing an administered drug from the body. In the pharmacokinetic ADME scheme (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), it is frequently considered to encompass both metabolism and excretion. Hydrophobic drugs, to be excreted, must undergo metabolic modification making them more polar. Hydrophilic drugs, on the other hand, can undergo excretion directly, without the need for metabolic changes to their molecular structures.

Although many sites of metabolism and excretion exist, the chief organ of metabolism is the liver, while the organ primarily tasked with excretion is the kidney. Any significant dysfunction in either organ can result in the accumulation of the drug or its metabolites in toxic concentrations.

A variety of other factors impact elimination — intrinsic drug properties, such as polarity, size, or pKa. Also other factors include genetic variation among individuals, disease states affecting other organs, and pathways involved in the way the drug distributes through the body, such as first-pass metabolism.

Issues of Concern

Drug elimination is the removal of an administered drug from the body. It is accomplished in two ways, either by excretion of an unmetabolized drug in its intact form or by metabolic biotransformation followed by excretion. While excretion is primarily carried out by the kidneys, other organ systems are involved as well. Similarly, the liver is the primary site of biotransformation, yet extrahepatic metabolism takes place in a variety of organ systems affecting multiple drugs.

Given the multiple organ systems and the variety of metabolic transformations present, drug elimination can entail a significant degree of complexity. Hydrophilic drugs are typically directly excreted by the kidneys, while hydrophobic drugs undergo biotransformation before excretion. The purpose here is twofold – biotransformation serves both detoxify the exogenous substances as well as to increase their hydrophilicity, ensuring their elimination via the kidneys.

Two broad metabolic pathways of hepatic drug transformation exist. Phase I is the direct modification of the target molecule, whereas phase II entails conjugation of the target to a polar molecule of low molecular weight. Phase I prepare the drug to enter phase II, but single-phase metabolism also exists.

Phase I involves oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis of the exogenous molecule. These reactions are accomplished by hepatic microsomal enzymes, which reside in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes. Best known among them is the cytochrome P450 system, whose enzymes are predominantly involved in oxidative metabolism. Within the cytochrome P450 family (CYP), the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of more than 50% of existing drugs is the CYP3A4. Its activity encompasses various classes of medications, including opioids, immunosuppressants, antihistamines, and benzodiazepines. The enzymes can also be induced or inhibited by a variety of substances they interact with, including pharmaceuticals. The increase in metabolic activity with CYP induction results in a diminished activity of drugs targeted by that particular isoform. Conversely, CYP inhibition will result in increased drug plasma concentration, potentially leading toxicity. The CYP3A4 is induced by phenytoin, phenobarbital, and St. John's wort, while diltiazem, erythromycin, and grapefruit inhibit it. Caution is, therefore, necessary when administering CYP3A4-metabolized drugs in the presence of any of the inhibitors or inducers.

Phase II consists of covalent bonding of polar groups to nonpolar molecules to render them water-soluble and allow renal or biliary excretion. Target molecules enter phase II directly or via initial processing through phase I. A variety of polar adjuncts is transferred, including amino acids, glucuronic acid, glutathione, acetate, and sulfate. Glucuronidation is one of the major pathways of phase II biotransformation. The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme family performs this activity. Typically, glucuronide derivatives possess less or no activity of the original drug, but in some cases, pharmacologically active compounds result. Morphine-6-glucuronide is a phase II metabolite of morphine with significant analgesic activity. As with the CYP enzymes, inducers, and inhibitors of phase II, enzymes exist and may influence the efficacy of drugs that rely on conjugation before excretion.

The first-pass effect is a feature of hepatic metabolism that also plays a role in the elimination of multiple drugs. Here, the enteric consumed drugs are exposed directly to the liver via the portal vein, where they undergo biotransformation before entering the systemic circulation. This activity reduces the bioavailability and needs to be factored into the dose administered to the patient. Intravenously administered drugs are not subject to the first-pass effect.

Extrahepatic drug metabolism takes place in the GI tract, kidneys, lungs, plasma, and skin.

Renal excretion completes the process of elimination that begins in the liver. Polar drugs or their metabolites get filtered in the kidneys and typically do not undergo reabsorption. They subsequently get excreted in the urine. Urinary pH has a significant impact on excretion, as drug ionization changes depending on the alkaline or acidic environment. Increased excretion occurs with weakly acidic drugs in basic urine and weakly basic drugs in acidic urine.

Excretion in the bile is another significant form of drug elimination. The liver can actively secrete ionized drugs with a molecular weight greater than 300 g/mol into bile, from where they reach the digestive tract and are either eliminated in feces or reabsorbed as part of the enterohepatic cycle.

Other pathways of excretion include the lungs, breast milk, sweat, saliva, and tears

Employers in South Superior, WI & Drug Testing Policies

Employers in South Superior, WI, are adopting stringent drug testing policies to maintain a safe and productive workplace. Many companies follow guidelines set forth by the Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development, which provides resources on legal and effective drug testing practices.

Local businesses, especially those in industries such as transportation and manufacturing, often require pre-employment and random drug screenings. Compliance with federal regulations, particularly the SAMHSA workplace guidelines, is common to ensure a drug-free environment.

Government Efforts with Drug Problems in South Superior, WI

The city government of South Superior, WI, is actively engaged in combating drug issues through various initiatives. Programs such as the Drug Take-Back Days have been introduced in partnership with the Douglas County Health Department, aiming to reduce opioid abuse by encouraging safe disposal of prescriptions.

The state of Wisconsin has made significant investments in education and prevention programs targeting youth in South Superior. The state's Department of Health Services outlines its strategies on their official website to curb substance abuse through community involvement and awareness campaigns.

Local Drug Busts & News in South Superior, WI

Recent drug busts in South Superior, WI, have highlighted the ongoing battle against illegal drug distribution in the area. In 2022, a significant operation led to the arrest of five individuals involved in a methamphetamine ring, suggesting an increasing trend in organized drug activities.

Community and law enforcement collaborations have led to successful crackdowns on drug trafficking within Douglas County. Special task forces and regular neighborhood patrols contribute to reducing the prevalence of drugs in the community.

Publicized drug-related events, like the annual community summit on opioid awareness, aim to inform and engage residents about the extent and impact of drug problems, encouraging collective community action to address the pervasive issue.

Occupational Health Services

Accredited Drug Testing offers fast, reliable employment screening services in South Superior, WI. Trusted by employers nationwide for accurate results and exceptional service.

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Resources & Citations

Douglas County Health Department

Wisconsin Department of Health Services

Wisconsin Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Program

SAMHSA National Helpline

Recovery.org

Substance Abuse Wisconsin Network

Wisconsin Prevention Network

CCI Approval Services in Wisconsin

Wisconsin Hopeline

Wisconsin United Way

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