Urine| Hair Follicle | Oral Fluid | Blood | ETG
The examination of hair has emerged as an effective technique to identify drug and alcohol consumption. Hair encapsulates a historical record of substance use by embedding biomarkers within the fibers of the hair as it grows. When taken close to the scalp, hair can offer an estimated 3-month detection period for substances. Collecting hair samples is straightforward, challenging to tamper with, and simple to transport.
A 1.5-inch segment of around 200 hair strands (comparable to the thickness of a #2 pencil) nearest to the scalp yields 100mg of hair, which is optimal for testing and validating results. For tests like EtG, additional panels, or those beyond 10 panels, a specimen of 150mg is preferred. It's advisable to measure the specimen using a jeweler’s scale. In the absence of scalp hair, a similar amount of body hair can be used. "Head hair" refers specifically to scalp hair, whereas "body hair" encompasses all other types (facial, axillary, etc.).
Process Overview
The laboratory analysis of a drug test result encompasses four primary stages: Accessioning, Screening, Extraction, and Confirmation.
Accessioning is the initial stage where a sample is integrated into a lab's system. This process includes checking that the sample was securely sealed and transported, assigning a unique LAN (Laboratory Accessioning Number), and completing any missing data not captured by a digital chain of custody system.
Screening is a preliminary examination for potential substance abuse. While Screening is an economical method to dismiss drug use in most samples, a positive indication must undergo Confirmation to be valid in legal settings. Any samples that yield a positive result in Screening necessitate a subsequent confirmation.
For samples testing positive in Screening, additional hair is extracted from the initial sample and prepped for Extraction. In this phase, drugs are retrieved from hair at a lower concentration compared to other techniques (e.g., urine or oral fluid), which makes hair drug testing the most intricate method to conduct.
The Confirmation of any positive results in Screening is performed using GC/MS, GC/MS/MS, or LC/MS/MS. All initially positive samples are cleansed before Confirmation if needed. The complete lab process from Accessioning to Confirmation undergoes review under both CAP (College of American Pathologists) Hair guidelines and ISO / IEC 17025 certification standards.
Advantages of hair drug testing:
Limitations:
Note: Though sometimes termed "hair follicle tests," this analysis targets the hair strand itself, not the follicle located beneath the scalp.
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